5 Carriage Return (accompanied by line feed) is used as 'end of line' character by Windows, DOS, and most minicomputers other than Unix- / Linux-based systems 6 Control-O has been the 'discard output' key. 4 Line feed is used for 'end of line' in text files on Unix / Linux systems. This was carried over on PCs by generating a buzz sound. Important messages could be signalled by striking the bell on the teletype. 3 Control-G is an artifact of the days when teletypes were in use. Windows, DOS, and older minicomputers used Control-Z for this purpose.

2 Control-D has been used to signal 'end of file' for text typed in at the terminal on Unix / Linux systems. All belong to the common script.ġ Control-C has typically been used as a 'break' or 'interrupt' key. See also: ASCII § ASCII control characters, and Control PicturesĦ5 characters, including DEL. The semicolon is required.īecause numbers are harder for humans to remember than names, character entity references are most often written by humans, while numeric character references are most often produced by computer programs. Where name is the case-sensitive name of the entity. The format is the same as for any entity reference: The entity must either be predefined (built into the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The hhhh may mix uppercase and lowercase, though uppercase is the usual style. The nnnn or hhhh may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. The x must be lowercase in XML documents. Where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/ Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name.Ī numeric character reference uses the format HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used.

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